Peace Monuments Itinerary from Chicago to PJSA Conference in Winnipeg, Manitoba

Peace is universally desired -- but differently understood. Occasionally a group of people constructs a permanent monument to express the kind of peace which they think is important at their particular time and place. We can learn a lot about the historic meanings of "peace" by visiting monuments.

Peace monuments exist everywhere, but they are almost always outnumbered by war monuments. Learning about peace monuments -- and bringing them to the attention of students and the public -- helps create a culture of peace.

On October 1, 2010, members of the Peace & Justice Studies Association (PJSA) will converge on Winnipeg, Manitoba, for their 8th Annual Conference, and some members may wish to visit peace monuments.

The following is one of many different itineraries which PJSA members might follow en route to Winnipeg. Its hypothetical point of departure is Chicago, a city of many peace monuments. Total road mileage from Chicago to Winnipeg is 1,114 miles or 1,793 km, including a sidetrip to visit the International Peace Garden on the border between North Dakota and Manitoba.

This itinerary identifies about sixty peace monuments, including twelve museums for peace, a statue and stone lantern from the Chicago World's Fair (1893), a stone from Hiroshima, the homes of four Nobel Peace Prize laureates (Addams, Dawes, Kellogg, and Obama), and numerous outdoor peace sculptures.

An itinerary from any other point of departure can be constructed from the website entitled Peace Monuments Around the World or by contacting Peace Partners International at Info@PeacePartnersIntl.org.

Chicago, Illinois

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17th century - Picture Depicting Peace, Justice & Plenty, Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois (USA). Textile from England. Not on display. Peace holds dove and laurel. Justice holds sword and balance. Plenty holds fruit-filled corucopia.

1776 - "Peace & War," Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois (USA). By Italian artist Pompeo Girolamo Batoni [1708-1787].

About 1790 - Plaque with Sacrifice to Peace, Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois (USA). Wedgwood (jasperware) from England. Not on display.

1887 - "Standing Lincoln" Statue, Lincoln Park, Chicago, Illinois (USA). By Irish-born American sculptor August Saint-Gaudens [1848-1907]. A favorite of Hull House founder [& Nobel Peace Prize laureate] Jane Addams [1860-1935] who once wrote, "I walked the wearisome way from Hull-House to Lincoln Park ... in order to look at and gain magnanimous counsel from the statue." Left image is 1920 copy in Parliament Square, London (England).

1890 - "A Signal of Peace," Chicago, Illinois (USA). "Represents a Sioux Chief on horseback, his right hand holding a spear pointed upward in a gesture of peace." A gift of art patron Judge Lambert Tree [1832-1910]. Sculpted in France by Cyrus E. Dallin [1861-1944] and exhibited at the World's Columbian Exposition (World's Fair) in 1893.

1893 - Haymarket Martyrs' Monument, Forest Home/German Waldheim Cemetery, 863 South DesPlaines Avenue, Forest Park, Chicago, Illinois (USA). "The labor activists executed for their alleged role in the 1886 Haymarket Square bombing are buried here; their striking grave monument has become a magnet for labor leaders, activists, and anarchists from around the world. The monument, designed by Polish-born Albert Weinert [1863-1947] and dedicated in 1893, was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1997" (the only cemetery memorial so recognized).

1893 - Japanese Pavilion, World's Columbian Exposition (Chicago World's Fair), Chicago, Illinois (USA). "A replica of the Phoenix Hall (Hodo), the only surviving building of Fujiwara Michinaga's palace [at Uji, near Kyoto], which was converted to a temple, Byodo-in, in 1052." This replica no longer exists. Another, permanent replica was constructed about 1970 in the Valley of the Temples, Oahu Island, Hawaii (qv).

1893 - Kasuga Stone Lantern, Osaka Garden, Jackson Park, Chicago, Illinois (USA). Only surviving part of the Japanese Pavilion at the World's Columbian Exposition (Chicago World's Fair) in 1893.

1922 - Fountain of Time, Midway Plaisance Park, Cottage Grove Avenue, Washington Park, Chicago, Illinois (USA). Commemorates century of peace between Great Britain & the US. Sculptor Lorado Taft [1860-1936] took 14 years to complete what was called the "largest single group of statuary in existence." Entry #270 in the "Peace Movement Directory" by James Richard Bennett (2001).

1926 - "The Triumphs of Peace Endure--The Triumphs of War Perish", Elks National Memorial & Headquarters, 2750 North Lakeview Avenue, Chicago, Illinois (USA). Sculpture by Adolph Weinman [1870-1952]. Entry #281 in the "Peace Movement Directory" by James Richard Bennett (2001). Images show Peace left & War right.

1928 - Lion & Lamb Heraldry, South Gable, Rockefeller Memorial Chapel, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois (USA).The entire work, done by Lee Lawrie & Ulric Ellerhausen, is called "The March of Religion Across the Centuries." Elijah (left) & Isaiah (right). The two animals at the sides of the shield are a lion and a lamb, referring to Isaiah's prophecies regarding peace on Earth after the return of the Messiah?

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Date? - Jane Addams Hull-House Museum, University of Illinois at Chicago, 800 South Halsted, Chicago, Illinois (USA). Jane Addams [1860-1935] was a founder of the US Settlement House movement. She received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1931.

1933 - Japanese Pavilion, Century of Progress Exposition (Chicago World's Fair), Chicago, Illinois (USA). "A typical example of Japanese architecture. An army of workmen and engineers came over from Japan bringing their own tools and materials to construct the building. The exhibits showed what Japan was doing in the peaceful arts -- militarism was not part of the exhibits."

1956-1969 - Peace & Justice Murals, Third Unitarian Church, Mayfield & Fulton Streets, Chicago, Illinois (USA). 24 murals depicting "saints of liberalism." Painted by artist Andrene Kauffman [1905-1993] over a 14 year period. The "saints" (in alphabetical order) are: Jane Addams, John Peter Altgeld (governor 1893-1897), Susan B. Anthony, E.T. Buehrer (minister 1941-1969), Albert Camus, William Ellery Channing, Confucius, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Mohandas Gandhi (left image), Jesus, Martin Luther King Jr., Thomas Jefferson, Abraham Lincoln (right image), James Martineau, Thomas Paine. Theodore Parker; Joseph Priestley, Siddhartha Gautama, Socrates, Harriet Tubman. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Walt Whitman, Roger Williams & Woodrow Wilson.

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1957 - DuSable Museum of African American History, 740 East 56th Place (corner of 57th & Cottage Grove), Washington Park, Chicago, Illinois (USA). "Dedicated to the collection, preservation, interpretation and dissemination of the history and culture of Africans and Americans of African descent. The first and oldest institution of its kind in the country." Includes permanet exhibit on Africa.

1967 - "The Wall of Respect," 43rd & Langley, Chicago, Illinois (USA). "The mural that began the community mural movement." "Sylvia Abernathy, Elliot Hunter, Wadsworth Jarrell, Barbara Jones-Hogu, Carolyn Lawrence, Norman Parish & William Walker were among the artists with the Organization of Black American Culture (OBAC) who painted a section to commemorate African American heroes: musicians, athletes, and political leaders." Destroyed in 1971.

1968 - "Peace" or "Metafisica," Halsted Urban Progress Center, Halsted Street & Cullerton, Pilsen neighborhood, Chicago, Illinois (USA). Mural by Mario Castillo. "Possibly the first outdoor Chicano mural in the USA." "The first anti Viet Nam war mural. When Castillo painted this, he was not aware of Bill Walker's 'Wall of Respect' which was painted in 1967." No longer exists. Nor does Castillo's 1969 mural "The Wall of Brotherhood."

June 3, 1970 - "Great Bird of Peace," Nichols Park, Hyde Park, Chicago, Illinois (USA). Also known as "The Egg" and "Guarding the Nest." "The five-foot bronze bird has the body of an egg with a beak and two legs that hold two more eggs. Sculptor Cosmo Campoli [1923-1997] called it "Bird of Peace" because he believed that the bird is the most peaceful thing there is -- especially a bird settling her eggs around her." Stolen and vandalized c.1981. Rededicated March 19, 2005, at "Eggstravaganza."

1970 - "Peace & Salvation: Wall of Understanding," Locust & Orleans, Chicago, Illinois (USA). Mural by African American artist William (Bill) Walker. "At the base of the wall are figures representing the community: the Black Panther Party, Martin Luther King, Jr., John Stevens, Reverend Jesse Jackson, Malcolm X, and members of various youth groups in Chicago. These figures symbolize the need for unity among all Black people. As these figures march together, they become a symbol of hope." No longer exists.

1971 - "All of Mankind,", Northside Stranger’s Home Church, 617 West Evergreen Avenue, Cabrini Green, Chicago, Illinois (USA). Mural by African American artist William (Bill) Walker. "Features 4 figures -- black, white, Asian & Latino -- with their hands together in a show of unity and racial harmony. Below the church’s cross, the words 'Why were they crucified?' and the names of historical figures like Ghandi, Malcolm X, Anne Frank, Martin Luther King Jr. and Jesus Christ." Church & mural were threatened with destruction in 2007-2008.

1973 - "For a New World,", Holy Covenant United Methodist Church, 925 West Diversey Parkway, Chicago, Illinois (USA). Mural by John Pitman Weber. "Once called 'the most hopeful mural in the city of Chicago.' Doesn’t shy away from showing the world’s evils. An early CMG work, three sections represent the areas of the worship service: Confession depicts political brutality, killing & repression; The Word shows the promise of a new world where all people -- men & women, young & old, gay & straight, all racial groups -- will live in peace & harmony; Offering urges us to dedicate our lives to justice through our daily work. Restored in 1996."

1973 - "Break the Grip of the Absentee Landlord," 5219 West Mdison Street, Chicago, Illinois (USA). Mural by Mark Rogovin. His only masterpiece (according to John Pitman Weber.) "An example of late Siquerioesque graphic style. Only a blank wall remains." Google translation from Spanish: "Perhaps the most sophisticated use of space by way of David Alfaro Siqueiros [1896-1974] designed by one of the pioneers and leaders of the Chicago street mural movement. Rogovin was an assistant in the Taller Siqueiros in Cuernavaca [Mexico]. Political action, or the political message turned into tangible facts seem thrown into space, rather than using a flat surface on which plausibly represents the activity by Renaissance perspective foreshortening unifocal."

1975 - "Man's Inhumnity to Man," 47th Street, Bronzeville, Chicago, Illinois. Anti-drug mural by William Walker & Mitchell Caton. "On a street that was once a forus of shoppig & nightlife. Restoration opposed by the current alderwoman..supposedly because years earlier it scarred her daughter." Restored Summer 2003 .

1976 - "A Time to Unite," Drexel Avenue & 41st Street, North Kenwood-Oakland, Chicago, Illinois (USA), Mural by Mitchell Caton, Calvin Jones & Justine DeVan on an abandoned elevated train abutment. Inscription: "A TIME TO UNITE. A time to be born and a time to die. A time to love and a time to hate. A time for war and a time for peace." (Ecclesiastes 3:1-8). .

1976 - "Together Protect the Community (TILT)," Fullerton & Washtenaw Avenue, Chicago, Illinois (USA). Mural by John Pitman Weber. "Depicts a monumental, racially mixed group of people protectively embracing their homes against a background of decorative patterns similar to old-fashioned wallpaper. While smaller figures 'build' their community through work and play, others fend off drugs, vandalism, gangs, absentee landlords, real estate speculators, unemployment, and freeways--all of which threaten the quality of life. These tilted images on the north half are meant to be seen only by the local audience; eastbound traffic on Fullerton sees only the positive, harmonious images." Restored in 2003.

1977 - "Childhood is Without Prejudice," 56th Street & Stony Island, Chicago, Illinois (USA). Mural by William Walker. "Also know as 'Children of Goodwill.' Walker created this mural as a tribute to nearby Harte School. His daughter had attended school there, and Walker wanted to express his appreciation for the school’s promotion of racial harmony. The tripartite mural, Walker’s personal favorite, includes a series of interlocking faces representing the potential unity of all races."

1979 - Elliot Donnelley Center Community Art Garden, Bronzeville, Chicgo, Illinois (USA). "Mitchell Caton & Calvin Jones’s classic mural 'Another Time’s Voice Remembers My Passion’s Humanity' (1979, left in image) was restored by Bernard Williams in 1993. Its jazzy montage of figures and textile patterning with the pairing of a wall-high African mask and the face of a contemporary woman links the African past with the present community. 'The Great Migration' (1995, right in image), led by Marcus Akinlana, is a 2,700-square-foot historical narrative documenting the migration of African Americans from the South to Chicago after World War II."

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1981 - The Peace Museum, Chicago, Illinois (USA). Founded by Mark Rogovin ("a leading Chicago muralist"), & Marjorie Craig Benton ("former US Representative to UNICEF"). "First & only of its kind in the US, exploring the impact of war & peace through the arts." "Will be sharing space with other cultural organizations in the future. Our first exhibition in shared space opens November 8, 2008, at the Chicago Public Library..." Entry #276 in the "Peace Movement Directory" by James Richard Bennett (2001).

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1981 - National Vietnam Veterans Art Museum (NVVAM), 1801 South Indiana Avenue, Chicago, Illinois (USA). "A museum with artwork done by people who were involved in the Vietnam War. This means people from BOTH sides and it includes nurses, etc., not just soldiers. It is NOT a place where patriotism is the only way of thinking... I'd like to say that it's an anti-war museum... There is a quote on the wall by a Buddhist guy that seemed pretty overtly anti-war; it says something like: war isn't child's play, it's serious business, and if you're going to do it, you damn well better understand what you are taking on." Includes 58,226 dog tags hanging from the ceiling, representing the US soldiers who died.

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1987 - Museum of Broadcast Communications (MBC), 676 North LaSalle Street (Suite 424),Chicago, Illinois (USA). "Collects, preserves, and presents historic and contemporary radio and television content. Also educates, informs, and entertains through archives, public programs, screenings, exhibits, publications and online access to resources." New facility under construction in 2009 (as seen in image).

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1995 - A. Philip Randolph Pullman Porter Museum, 10406 South Maryland Avenue, Chicago, Illinois (USA). "Promotes, honors and celebrates the legacy of A. Philip Randolph and contributions made by African-Americans to America's labor history. " A. Philip Randolph [1889-1979] was a prominent African-American civil rights leader and the founder of both the March on Washington Movement and the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters.

1996 - Jane Addams Memorial Park, 600 North Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, Illinois (USA). Honors Jane Addams [1860-1935], founder of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF) and first US woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize (1931). Park includes black granite statue "Helping Hands" by Louis Bourgeois. Entry #272 in the "Peace Movement Directory" by James Richard Bennett (2001).

1999 - Angel of Peace, St. James Cathedral, Chicago Episcopal Diocese & Plaza, 65 East Huron, Chicago, Illinois (USA). Nine-foot bronze angel by artist William H. Kieffer. Entry #265 in the "Peace Movement Directory" by James Richard Bennett (2001).

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2005 - "Comely Bank," Ridge Historic District, Chicago, Illinois (USA). House constructed in 1905. Residence of Rotary founder Paul P. Harris [1868-1947] from 1912 until his death in 1947. Grounds included an International Friendship Garden. Purchased by Paul & Jean Harris Home Foundation (PJHHF) and opened to the public in 2005.

June 19, 2005 - Japanese Stone Lantern, "Comely Bank," Chicago, Illinois (USA). From International Friendship Garden of Rotary founder Paul P. Harris [1868-1947]. Reinstalled by Paul & Jean Harris Home Foundation (PJHHF) and dedicated by businessman Yoshio Gotoh and a Japanese delegation.

2007? - "CoolGlobe,", between the Shedd Aquarium and the Field Museum, Chicago, Illinois (USA). Painted by artist Catherine Schwalbe-Bouzide and her husband Paul. One of many "CoolGlobes" painted by local, national, and international artists, as well as school children, and scattered around the USA. "Each globe is 5 feet in diameter, 7.5 feet tall, weighs 2,300 pounds...and transforms a plain white sphere to create awareness and provoke discussion about a potential solution to global warming."

2005-2009 - Home of Barack & Michelle Obama, 5046 South Greenwood Avenue, Chicago, Illinois (USA). Unintentional monument. May become a museum some day. President Obama received the Nobel Peace Prize on December 10, 2009.

Chicago Suburbs, Illinois/Indiana

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1931 - Baha'i House of Worship for the North American Continent, 100 Linden Avenue, Wilmette, Illinois (USA). Sculpture by Adolph Weinman. Architecture by Jean-Baptiste Louis Bourgeois [1856-1930]. Garden by Hilbert Dahl. Entry #292 in the "Peace Movement Directory" by James Richard Bennett (2001).

1936 - International Friendship Gardens, US Highway 12, Michigan City, Indiana (USA). Permanent spinoff of the "Old Mill Garden" at the Chicago World’s Fair (“A Century of Progress International Exposition.”) in 1933-34. Theme of the "Old Mill Garden" was "Peace and Friendship To All Nations."

1936? - Peace Bell, International Friendship Gardens, US Highway 12, Michigan City, Indiana (USA). Before & after deterioration of the frame holding the bell. Second photo by EWL.

1936? - Rotary Peace Garden, International Friendship Gardens, US Highway 12, Michigan City, Indiana (USA). Rotary International logo at left, peace pole in center. Photo by EWL.

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Date? - House Museum & Memorial to Charles G. Dawes, Evanston Historical Society, 225 Greenwood Street, Evanston, Illinois (USA). Charles G. Dawes [1865-1951] was an American banker, politician, and 30th Vice President of the USA. For his work on the Dawes Plan for World War I reparations, he received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1925.

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1977 - Mitchell Museum of the American Indian, 3001 Central Street, Evanston, Illinois (USA). "The only museum in the Chicagoland area that focuses exclusively on the history, culture and arts of the North American native people."

2002 - "Children of Peace", Garden Walk, Public Library, Downers Grove, Illinois (USA). Click here to see the statue's installation. Artist Gary Lee Price of Springville, Utah, sells copies of this sculpture. Click here for prices & other information.

October 2, 2004 - Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Statue, Heritage Park, Skokie, Illinois (USA).

September 11, 2003 - "Freedom Isn't Free," between the DuPage River and the Municipal Center, Napierville, Illinois (USA). Dedicated to the "memory of Commander Dan F. Shanower and the thousands of others who died in the attack." One inscription: "Wall of Faces. Faces created by Naperville school children and molded by local artists to represent the casualties of September 11, 2001."

November 11, 2006 - Graves of the Bill of Rights [1791-2006], Habeas Corpus [1215-2006] & the Geneva Convention [1949-2006], Free Speech Park, Highland Park, Illinois (USA). Sponsored by the North Shore Women for Peace, a local Illinois organization that is 50 years strong in living their motto 'Working for peace, justice & a healthy planet.'"

Rockford, Illinois

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1935 - Grave of Jane Addams, Cedarville (30 miles west of Rockford), Illinois (USA). Addams died in Chicago. The obilisk at her grave was restored in 2004. Jane Addams [1860-1935] was president of the Women's International League for Peace & Freedom (WILPF). She & Nicholas Murray Butler [1862-1947] shared the 1931 Nobel Peace Prize. "As the first U.S. woman to win the prize, Addams was applauded for her 'expression of an essentially American democracy.'"

2002 - Keeling-Puri Peace Plaza, Perryville Bike Path, Riverside & McFarland, Rockford, Illinois (USA). "Forty Flags, Sixty Languages, Ten Prophets of Peace, Two Hemispheres, One World." "Celebrates the rich and diverse ethnic history of the Rock River Valley." 15 foot by 34 foot sculpture “Harmony Atlas” atop a 7 foot by 25 foot granite sculpture base...adorned with 10 peace quotes" from John F. Kennedy; Mother Theresa; Martin Luther King; Mahatma Gandhi; an Oglala Sioux Native American; Albert Einstein; Abraham Lincoln; John Lennon; Petrarch; Aristide Briand; . . . and the Q&A from Micah 6:8 of Jewish, Christian and Islamic tradition: "And what does the Lord require of you? To act justly and to love mercy and to walk humbly with your God."

Madison, Wisconsin

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April 8, 1988 - Tree of Peace, Bird Effigy Mound, Observatory Drive, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin (USA). "Small, pine sapling was laid into the earth under the spiritual guidance of Mohawk Elder Jake Swamp, traditional teacher of the Iroquois Longhouse, during an hour long prayer vigil. The prayer was a long set of instructions for the young tree to abide by as it slowly grew into maturity."

Date? - Memorial, James Madison Park, Madison, Wisconsin (USA). Dedicated to the veterans of the Abraham Lincoln Brigade. Other ALB memorials in Seattle, WA, & San Francisco, CA (qv).

1992 - "The Water Science Mural," Water Science Engineering Lab, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin (USA). Mural by David Fichter of Cambridge, MA. This is not a peace monument, but Fitcher has made several peace murals, including the anti-nuclear bomb "Three Minutes to Midnight" & AFSC's "Freedom Quilt" in Atlanta, Georgia (shown at right).

Neillsville, Wisconsin

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2003 - Liberty Bell, The Highground Veterans Memorial Park, Neillsville, Wisconsin (USA). An exact replica of the original Liberty Bell. Cast in France, mounted on a trailer, and taken to thousands of schools throughout the USA. Now housed in an authentic timber frame building made by Master Timber Framer Lyle Lindholm and volunteers.

Cataract, Wisconsin

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1930's - Peace Monument, Paul & Matilda Wegner Grotto, 6025 Highway 71, Cataract, Wisconsin (USA). Folk art. "The most complex construction at the Wegner Grotto is the Peace Monument. Before the highway was widened and raised in the 1960's, this was the main entrance and focal point of the grotto."

La Crosse, Wisconsin

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1983 - "Harmony & Peace", Viterbo College, Ninth & Mississippi, La Crosse, Wisconsin (USA). Steel sculpture by Luis Arata. "As a non-objective sculpture it has no recognizable subject matter. Viewers can provide an imaginary subject of their own but the sculptor is primarily interested in the interplay of form and color." "Anidonts," another sculpture by the same artist, is in Myrick Park along La Crosse Street across from UW-L.

Rochester, Minnesota

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Date? - Peace Plaza, First Street (by the Mayo Cliinic), Rochester, Minnesota (USA). Renovated with ribbon cutting on June 19, 2008.

1986 - "Constellation Earth," Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (USA). By Paul T. Granlund [1925-2003]. The seven human figures represent the continents. The interdependence of the figures symbolizes global peace and solidarity (from the monument’s inscription). This is the first copy of an original sculpture at the University of St. Thomas in St. Paul, Minnesota. It is a gift of the Methodist-Kahler School of Nursing Alumni Association.

St. Paul, Minnesota

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1936 - "Vision of Peace" (Indian God of Peace), Memorial Concouse, St. Paul City Hall, St. Paul, Minnesota (USA). Largest carved onyx figure in the world. Weighs 60 tons & oscillates 66 degrees left & right. Although dedicated to the war veterans of Ramsey County, pacifist Swedish sculptor Carl Milles [1875-1955] sipulated that it should symbolize world peace. Officially named "Vision of Peace" in 1994. Milles & his student, Michigan sculptor Marshall Fredericks [1908-1998] created "God the Father of the Rainbow" in Stockholm, Sweden (qv). Entry #542 in the "Peace Movement Directory" by James Richard Bennett (2001).

1955 - Nagasaki/St. Paul Sister City Relationship, St. Paul, Minnesota (USA). "The oldest such relationship between Asian and American cities.

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1974 - Frank B. Kellogg House, 633 Fairmont Avenue, St. Paul, Minnesota (USA). Frank B. Kellogg [1856-1937] was an American lawyer, politician and statesman who served in the US Senate and as US Secretary of State. He co-authored the Kellogg-Briand Pact, for which the Nobel Peace Prize was awarded in 1926 to French prime minister Aristide Briand [1862-1932] and in 1929 to Kellogg.

1984 - "Constellation Earth," O’Shaughnessy-Frey Library Center, University of St. Thomas, St. Paul, Minnesota (USA). By Paul T. Granlund [1925-2003]. The seven human figures represent the continents. The interdependence of the figures symbolizes global peace and solidarity (from the monument’s inscription). This sculpture exists in five places: This is the original. The first copy is at Methodist Hospital in Rochester, Minnesota. The second copy was presented by St. Paul to the city of Nagasaki (Japan) on October 10, 1992. The third copy is at Upper Iowa University in Fayette, Iowa. And the fourth copy is at Bluffton University in Bluffton, Ohio. (St. Paul and Nagasaki have been sister cities since December 1955.)

1995 - "Heroes of Freedom, Justice and Peace" mural, El Burrito Mercado, 175 Concord Street, District del Sol, St. Paul, Minnesota (USA). By Craig Davis. Depicts eight peacemakers (left to right): Muralist Diego Rivera [1886-1957], Aung San Suu Kyi [b.1945], Martin Luther King, Jr. [1929-1968], Cesar Chavez [1927-1993], local educator Sister Geovanni Gourhan [1914-1990], Guatemalan Rigoberta Menchu [b.1959], Native American Dennis Banks [b.1932], and baseball player Roberto Clemente [1934-1972].

August 21, 1995 - Global Harmony Labyrinth, Como Regional Park, St. Paul, Minnesota (USA). On plaque at the labyrinth's center: "Dedicated August 21st in recognition of the 50th Anniversary of the Saint Paul / Nagasaki Sister City relationship, in memory of Karen S. Kunzman. She had a Japanese Heart.” Intended, in part, to replace former street named for Nagasaki.

1998-2002 - Frogtown Neighborhood, St. Paul, Minnesota (USA). To lessen street violence in an ethnicly diverse neighborhood, a volunteer group ("Peaceful Love Warriors") planted 85 peace poles at Willard's Bar, Frogtown Police Station, West Minnehahta Recreation Center, Speedy Market (seen in image), the Wilder Foundation, Urban Market, Lifetrack Resources, Ryan Park, other businesses, community organizations, churches, schools, and private residences. Peace poles were launched by Masahisa Goi [1916-1980] in 1945. Each pole bears his World Peace Prayer ("May Peace Prevail on Earth") in multiple languages.

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2000 - Traces Center for History and Culture, Landmark Center, 75 West Fifth Street (Suite 211), St. Paul, Minnesota (USA). Traces "preserves and present stories of people from the Midwest and Germany or Austria who encountered each other during World War II." It is "a peace project presenting itself as a history museum," according o founder/executive director Michael Luick-Thrams. Traces has six exhibits documenting Friends' responses to the Holocaust: AFSC's refugee centers at Scattergood Hostel [in Iowa] and at Quaker Hill in Richmond, Indiana; Leonard Kenworthy's year in wartime Berlin helping would-be refugees get out of the Third Reich; Clarence Pickett's two fact-finding tours to Nazi Germany; and others. Clarence Pickett [1884-1965] accepted the 1947 Nobel Peace Prize on behalf of the American Friends Service Committee (AFSC). Landmark Center is a former Federal courthouse, built circa 1896, around a six-story neoclassical Victorian atrium. Click here for an article by the founder. Has traveling exhibit (as seen in bottom image).

Fall 2005 - Totempole, Nagasaki (Japan). From St. Paul, Minnesota (USA) for 50th anniversary of sister city relationship. Dedication attended by mayor of St. Paul and many US Rotarians. Made by Ray Lefto, Master Wood Carver, who wrote, "We carved the pole as a whole and seperately carved the American Eagle, wings and beeks."

Minneapolis, Minnesota

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May 1988 - First "Peace Site," Longfellow International Fine Arts Center (an elementry school), Minneapolis, Minnesota (USA). There are now 700 peace sites world wide, and 269 in Minnesota. Peace Sites include schools, churches, resorts, government buildings, and businesses -- even the Mall of America! Every Peace Site pledges to "seek peace within yourself and others, be a responsible citizen of the world, promote intercultural understanding and celebrate diversity, reach out in service, and protect the environment." (Lynn Elling.founded the Peace Site Program and co-founded the Nobel Peace Prize Festival held each year at Augsburg College in Minneapolis.)

1998 - Peace Garden, Lyndale Park, Minneapolis, Minnesota (USA). Includes a peace rock garden (qv) and stones from Hiroshima & Nagasaki (qv). Designated an International Peace Site in 1999. Entry #523 in the "Peace Movement Directory" by James Richard Bennett (2001).

Date? - Stones from Hiroshima & Nagasaki, Peace Garden (qv), Lyndale Park, Minneapolis, Minnesota (USA). Granite peace stones found near Ground Zero of the 1945 atomic bomb blasts. The Hiroshima stone was part of a bridge balustrade, and the Nagasaki stone was once part of a sidewalk. Minneapolis is the only city in the US that has received such gifts from the citizens of both Japanese cities. Entry #523 in the "Peace Movement Directory" by James Richard Bennett (2001).

1999 - "Language of Hope," Running Wolf Fitness Center, Migizi Communications, Lake Street, Minneapolis, Minnesota (USA). Mural created by Marilyn Lindstrom with help from 20 young artists and guest artists. Includes 12 elements essential to human life that the young people came up with -- hope, justice, trust, family, love, freedom, purpose, respect, community, peace, basic human needs, collective work, and responsibility.

2005 - "Faith in Women," Intermedia Arts, 2822 Lyndale Avenue South, Minneapolis, Minnesota (USA). Mural by Lady Pink of New York City. "Depicts anti-war symbolism and the horrors of war experienced by the innocent. Painted for the 2005 b-girl be Summit."

October 25, 2006 - "Spirit of Peace," Lake Harriet Peace Garden, Lyndale Park, Minneapolis, Minnesota (USA). Sculpture by artist Caprice Glaser topped by giant "origami" peace crane.

Fargo, North Dakota

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1927 - Miss Okayma", Emily P. Reynolds Historic Costume Collection, North Dakota State University (Apparel, Textiles & Interior Design Department), Fargo, North Dakota (USA). One of 58 Japanese Friendship Dolls in museums all over the USA. This is the North Dakota doll. Dr. Sidney Gulick [1860-1945], a lecturer at Kyoto Imperial University, obtained more than 12,000 American “blue-eyed dolls” for Japanese children. Fifty-eight prefectures replied by sending museum quality Japanese dolls to America. Many were hidden during World War II, but 45 have been found (mostly restored and put back on display), but 13 remain missing.

North Dakota/Manitoba Border

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July 14, 1932 - International Peace Garden, Dunseith, North Dakota (USA) and Boissevain, Manitoba (Canada). "2,339 acre botanical garden on the world’s longest unfortified border." Includes two 20-story concrete Peace Towers, Peace Chapel, and 9/11 Memorial. Click here for Wikipedia article. Entry #1209 in the "Peace Movement Directory" by James Richard Bennett (2001).

1976 - Carilion Bell Tower, International Peace Garden, Dunseith, North Dakota (USA), and Boissevain, Manitoba (Canada). Construted by North Dakota veterans as a US Bicentennial project. Contains bells made in England in 1932 but not donated to the Peace Garden until 1969.

1982 Peace Towers, International Peace Garden, Dunseith, North Dakota (USA) and Boissevain, Manitoba (Canada). 120 foot (36.6 meters) tall with four columns representing people from the four corners of the world coming together to form two similar but distinct nations with a common base of democracy and beliefs.

July 14, 1982 - US postage stamp commemorating the 50th anniversary of the International Peace Garden, Dunseith, North Dakota (USA) and Boissevain, Manitoba (Canada).

Winnipeg, Manitoba

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	1967 - Global College, University of Winnipeg, 515 Portage Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba (Canada).
	1970's - Menno Simons College (MSC), Canadian Mennonite University (CMU), 520 Portage Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba (Canada).

1985 - Victims of War Memorial, Provincial Legislative Building, Winnipeg, Manitoba (Canada). Entry #1261 in the "Peace Movement Directory" by James Richard Bennett (2001).

1991 - "Anishinaabe" (Statue #67), across from Caboose Tourist Booth (west side of park), Winnipeg Beach, Manitoba (Canada). Height 35 feet. Carved by Hungarian-American sculptor Peter Wolf Toth whose "Trail of the Whispering Giants" has at least one carved wood Indian statue in every US state and some (but not all) Canadian provinces.

October 1-2, 2010 - 8th Annual Conference, Peace & Justice Studies Association (PJSA), Winnipeg, Manitoba (Canada). With Canadian Mennonite University's Menno Simons College & University of Winnipeg's Global College. Theme: "Building Bridges, Crossing Borders: Gender, Identity, and Security in the Search for Peace."

M U S E U M

2012 Canadian Museum for Human Rights (CMHR), Winnipeg, Manitoba (Canada). "Perhaps the most transformational project before our nation today. As the largest centre of its kind anywhere, it has the potential to be one of Canada’s most significant contributions to promoting human rights here and around the world."

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The mission of Peace Partners International is to support, nurture, and connect organizations and individuals who are working to bring about a culture of peace. Such organizations include museums for peace, university peace studies programs, peace advocacy organizations, and businesses which help promote peace and justice. Peace Partners International will organize, sponsor, and/or promote conferences for this broad audience of "peace educators" and undertake other projects, such as newsletters, websites, workshops, communications networks, database maintenance, peace tourism, and experiential learning.

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PEACE PARTNERS INTERNATIONAL, Inc.
9219 George Williams Road, Knoxville, Tennessee 37922, USA
Telephone = 865-690-8742, Email = Info@PeacePartnersIntl.org